Recommendations to address the shortfalls of the EAT–Lancet planetary health diet from a plant-forward perspective

Shifting to dietary patterns rich in plants and low in animal-source foods could substantially lower emissions from the food sector while reducing the global burden of non-communicable diseases. The EAT–Lancet Commission proposed the planetary health diet (PHD) to emphasise plant-forward diets and set global targets to guide an urgently needed food-system transformation. However, the PHD's meat-reduction approach has attracted criticism and prompted debate on the potential micronutrient shortfalls of the plant-forward dietary approach. Since the planet simply cannot sustain human diets defaulting towards animal-based solutions, the objective of this Viewpoint is to provide recommendations that address the shortfalls of the PHD, with an emphasis on plant-based sourcing of food. Using a socioecological approach, along with an Integrative Sustainability Framework to evaluate dietary guidelines, in this Viewpoint we recommend seven key thematic areas for further development of the PHD. These themes relate to the bioavailability of micronutrients from plant-based foods, the inclusion of indigenous foods and practices, fortification and supplementation, cultural inclusiveness, and gender-based differences, a broader perspective on processed foods, and strengthening the concept by integrating the One Health approach.