Assessing the carbon footprint of inhalation anaesthesia, total intravenous anaesthesia, and spinal anaesthesia for a single surgical procedure: a prospective observational study

Healthcare contributes substantially to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and anaesthesia is recognised as a high-impact sector. Evidence comparing the carbon footprint of anaesthetic techniques remains limited, particularly in Europe. We quantified carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions from inhalation anaesthesia with low-flow sevoflurane, TIVA and spinal anaesthesia during operative hysteroscopy.