Pollution and mental health: current scientific evidence

This briefing discusses the evidence that is currently available on the associations between environmental pollution and mental health. It is based on a review of the scientific literature, and it supports the zero pollution action plan (ZPAP) and the European Union’s (EU’s) Eighth Environment Action Programme (8th EAP).

Related content can be found here: Climate change impacts on mental health in Europe; Impact of air pollution on mental health (signal).

Key messages

• Environmental pollution likely contributes to a range of mental health issues.
• Studies consistently indicate that air pollution, for example in the form of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), is associated with depression and depressive symptoms.
• Aircraft and road traffic noise may be associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety, especially for those in vulnerable groups.
• Exposure to lead (Pb), second-hand smoke (SHS), endocrine disruptors and other chemicals, especially during developmental life phases, may increase the risk of mental health issues later in life.
• Progress towards zero pollution targets can deliver co-benefits for mental health and well-being; additionally, nature-based solutions (NbS) can support mental health through contact with good quality green and blue spaces.