Twenty years of microplastic pollution research—what have we learned?

This peer-reviewed review examines two decades of scientific research into microplastic pollution, following the introduction of the term in 2004. It explores the sources, distribution and accumulation of microplastics in the environment, including their presence in marine and freshwater ecosystems, soils and living organisms.

The authors examine advances in understanding how microplastics are generated, transported and taken up by organisms, alongside evidence of their potential ecological and biological effects. The review considers continuing uncertainties surrounding exposure, toxicity and the implications for environmental and human health.

Drawing on the expanding scientific evidence, the authors argue that microplastic pollution represents a widespread and persistent environmental challenge requiring coordinated international action. They emphasise the importance of reducing plastic production and emissions, improving waste management and addressing pollution throughout the plastics lifecycle.

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Citation: Thompson RC, Courtene-Jones W, Boucher J, Pahl S, Raubenheimer K, Koelmans AA. Twenty years of microplastic pollution research—what have we learned? Science. 2024;386(6720). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adl2746