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Association of early pregnancy warm season exposure and neighborhood heat vulnerability with adverse maternal outcomes: A retrospective cohort study

Clinical impacts and solutions | Staying healthy and caring at home | Climate change

The Journal of Climate Change and Health September–October 2025,

  • Date (DD-MM-YYYY)

    29-08-2025 to 29-08-2026

    Available on-demand until 29th August 2026

  • Cost

    Free

  • Education type

    Article

  • CPD subtype

    On-demand

Description

Introduction

Rising ambient temperatures threaten vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, with urban populations bearing a greater risk due to the urban heat island effect. Here, we assessed the independent effects of trimester-specific warm season exposure during pregnancy and neighborhood heat vulnerability on maternal outcomes, including gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, genitourinary infections, and operative delivery.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed 819 participants from the Stress in Pregnancy Study (2009–2014), a longitudinal birth cohort study in New York City. Generalized linear models examined associations between trimester-specific warm season exposure, New York City Heat Vulnerability Index (ranging 1-5), and adverse maternal outcomes, adjusting for demographics, parity, and substance use.

Results

First trimester warm season exposure was associated with increased odds of gestational hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.50, 95%CI 1.17-17.27), preeclampsia (AOR 4.38, 95%CI 1.51-12.75), and genitourinary infection (AOR 2.27, 95%CI 1.14-4.51). Each unit increase in heat vulnerability index was associated with increased odds of preeclampsia (AOR 1.38, 95%CI 1.05-1.81) and genitourinary infection (AOR 1.32, 95%CI 1.11-1.57).

Conclusions

Both early pregnancy warm weather exposure and neighborhood vulnerability independently increased the risk of adverse maternal complications. Our findings provide evidence in support of targeted heat mitigation strategies to limit heat exposure in at-risk communities as climate change progresses.

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