A systematic map of methods for assessing societal benefits of Earth science information

Earth science information (ESI) from satellites and other remote sensing technologies is critical for managing climate, agriculture, disasters, and more. Yet the societal value of ESI, how it improves real-world decisions and outcomes, remains poorly understood. We systematically map studies that quantify this value, revealing how different methods capture diverse benefits, from economic efficiency and lives saved to empowerment and justice. Our findings demonstrate that a rich array of methods exists to assess societal benefits of ESI across many decision contexts, identifying benefits in terms of instrumental and relational values. This synthesis expands the evidence base for why ESI matters and how it can help guide future investments, promote public support, and align Earth science with societal goals.